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Productions scientifiques Micropolluants

Several short-term studies (1-3 months) have reported that supplementation of cow diets with oilseeds modifies milk fatty acid (FA) composition. As the durations of these experiments were short, putative long-term effects on milk FA composition and d

Lerch, S., Ferlay, A., Pomiès, D., Graulet, B., Durand, D., Martin, B., Chilliard, Y.

2010

A way to improve the nutritional quality of dairy fat could be the supplementation of the cows’ diet with vegetable seeds rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Many studies reported the effects of these supplementations. Nevertheless, as the duration of these experiments was short (a few weeks), it has not been possible to reveal if there are long-term effects of feeding oilseeds on performances, metabolism and health of animals. The main aim of Subtask 4.1.1.b was to quantify during two successive lactations, the effects of long-term supplementation with different oilseeds rich in cis9-18:1 or 18:3 omega 3 fatty acids on nutritional quality of milk and on animal production, health and reproductive performances. The remnant effects of long-term oilseed supplementations were also studied during the beginning of a third lactation, after the end of the oilseeds distribution. This trial began on October 2007. It involved 60 Holstein cows during the first lactation, 37 during the second, and 19 during the third. During the first lactation, from calving until the end of the 5th week of lactation, the cows were fed the same diet, then, after a 3-week transition period, each cow received one of five different diets for the entire lactation and the dry period. During the indoor periods, cows were fed a grass based diet (75% grass silage and 25% hay), and during outdoor period cows were grazing pasture. Basal diet was supplemented or not, with different sources of rapeseeds - whole seed (unprocessed form), extruded seeds and a fat rich meal - or extruded linseeds (processed forms). The lipid supplement provided an oil level from 2.4 to 3.2% of dietary dry matter intake.

During indoor periods extruded linseed diet decreased dry matter intake (-1.2 kg/day), whole rapeseed diet reduced body condition score and extruded rapeseed diet decreased milk fat content during the 2nd indoor period. Fat rapeseed meal diet decreased milk protein content whatever the period (-1.8 g/kg). Rapeseed diets increased dry matter intake during the 2nd indoor period (+2.1 kg/day). Fat rapeseed meal diet increased milk yield during the two indoor periods (+2.9 kg/day) and whole rapeseed diet increased milk fat content during the 1st outdoor period (+5.3 g/kg). When cow consumed grass silage and hay, oilseed supplements improved milk fat nutritional quality: they decreased milk medium-chain FA (-12.7 g/100 g FA), increased milk 18:0 (+5.1 g/100 g) and cis9-18:1 (+6.6 g/100 g) fatty acids. The c9,t11-CLA content was increased with processed oilseed supplements (+0.32 g/100 g) whereas only extruded linseed increased milk 18:3 omega 3 fatty acid content (+0.72 g/100 g). However, the content of milk trans FA with unknown effects on human health, was also increased by processed oilseed supplementations (+3.4 g/100 g). The effects of processed oilseed supplementations observed during winter were also observed when cows grazed pasture (except for milk c9,t11-CLA content, which decreased: -0.33 g/100 g) but were weaker (-6.9, +4.4, +4.3 and +1.0 g/100g of milk medium-chain saturated FA, 18:0, c9-18:1 and trans FA contents, respectively, for processed oilseed supplementations and +0.68 g/100g of milk 18:3 omega 3 FA for extruded linseed supplement). Oilseed supplementations improved the concentrations of plasma carotenoids, independently of the nature and form of supply. However, only extruded linseeds and fat meal rapeseeds supplements increased retinol, lutein, zeaxanthin and all-trans b-carotene concentrations in milk fat. These effects could be time-dependent since they were observed at the beginning of the grazing period, in June, but not during the indoor period or at the end of the summer. Lipid supplementation did not significantly modify the lipoperoxidation processes in cow plasma or milk, but increased the susceptibility to lipoperoxidation damage. Outdoor conditions were better than indoor conditions to prevent lipoperoxidation process.

Thus, oilseed supplementations effects were dependent on the type (rapeseed rich in c9-18:1or linseed rich in 18:3 omega 3 FA) and the form (extruded, fat meal, whole) of oilseeds in interaction with the type of basal diet (grass silage and hay or pasture). Effects were stable and repeatable during 2 consecutive lactations and comparable to effects observed previously in short term studies (1-3 months).

 

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